The Unspoken Truth about Sexually Transmitted Infections: Testing, Prevention and What You Need to Know

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs, sometimes referred to as sexually transmitted diseases or STDs), are more common and misunderstood than many people realize.

Often called “silent infections,” many STIs show no symptoms, making regular screening and prevention essential for protecting your long-term health. 

STIs are caused by bacteria or viruses spread through vaginal, oral or anal sex. Common infections include chlamydia, gonorrhea, mycoplasma genitalium, genital herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B and C, syphilis, trichomoniasis and HIV. 

“The incidence of STIs decreased slightly during the COVID-19 pandemic but quickly rose again as social activity resumed in the subsequent years,” says Dr. Eve A. Ashby, a board-certified gynecologist with Beaufort Memorial Lowcountry Medical Group Specialty Care. 

Why STI Awareness Matters

Many STIs do not cause immediate symptoms, but can lead to serious health complications if left untreated, including: 

• Infertility
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Increased risk of certain cancers
• Liver disease
• Weakened immune system

Early detection through routine screening is one of the most effective ways to prevent long-term complications associated with STIs. 

HPV: The Most Common STI

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most widespread STIs and a leading cause of cervical cancer. 

Key HPV facts:

• The vaccine is recommended for males and females age 9 to 26
• It protects against high-risk strains linked to cancer
• It spreads through skin-to-skin contact, not just sexual intercourse
• Condoms reduce risk but do not fully prevent transmission of the virus

“The goal of vaccination is to prepare the immune system before future exposure,” explains Dr. Ashby.

Most people who contract HPV will clear the virus naturally, but some may develop complications such as abnormal pap smears, genital warts of cancers of the cervix, throat or mouth. 

Read More: Addressing Vaccine Concerns: Myth vs. Fact

Hepatitis C: Often Silent, but Treatable

Hepatitis C is another infection that often has no symptoms but can cause serious liver damage over time.

“Most people with hepatitis C are asymptomatic, and routine bloodwork does not typically include screening,” says Dr. Ashby. “You have to specifically ask for the test.” 

Risk factors for hepatitis C include:

• Blood transfusions before 1990
• Sharing needles or drug equipment
• Sexual contact with an infected partner
• Sharing personal items like razors or toothbrushes
• Occupational exposure, such as with healthcare workers

Routine screening is recommended for adults born between 1945 and 1965, as well as individuals with higher risk factors. Modern treatments, however, are highly effective. 

When and How to Get Tested for STIs

STI testing is simple and often quick. Depending on the infection, screening may include:

• Urine tests
• Swabs during a pelvic exam or pap smear
• Blood tests (for HIV, syphilis and hepatitis)

“Some patients assume they only need testing for infections like chlamydia or gonorrhea,” says Dr. Ashby. “But comprehensive screening often requires a combination of tests,” 

You should consider STI testing if you have: 

• Unusual discharge
• Pelvic pain
• Pain during sex
• Irregular bleeding
• Fertility concerns

STI Screening Guidelines

Routine screening is recommended for many individuals, even those without any symptoms, including: 

• Sexually active women under 26: yearly screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea
• Women with multiple partners: yearly screening
• Anyone without a mutually monogamous partner: full STI screening
• Adults born 1945 to 1965: hepatitis C screening
• Pregnant women: screening for syphilis, HIV, hepatitis B and chlamydia
• Sexually active teens: annual screening for HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhea 

Download the Guide: Screenings Women Need

STI Prevention: What Works (and What Doesn’t)

Effective ways to reduce STI risk: 

• Consistent and correct condom use
• Vaccination for HPV, hepatitis A and hepatitis B
• Regular testing and open communication with partners

Important misconceptions include:

• Natural membrane (lambskin) condoms do not protect against STIs
• Hormonal birth control such as the pill and IUDs prevent pregnancy, but not STIs

For some conditions, such as herpes, daily antiviral medication can significantly reduce transmission risk.

STIs are common, but they are also manageable and often preventable. Many can be treated with antibiotics or antiviral medications, especially when caught early. 

Read More: Topics to Cover with Your Teenage Daughter

The most important steps you can take are: 

• Get tested regularly
• Stay informed
• Use protection
• Talk openly with your healthcare provider

“Early identification allows us to treat infections before they lead to more serious complications,” Dr. Ashby says. 

Your STI Questions, Answered

What are the most common STIs?

Chlamydia, gonorrhea, HPV, herpes, HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B and C. 

Do STIs always cause symptoms?

No. Many STIs are asymptomatic, which is why routine screening is important.

How often should I get tested for STIs? 

At least once a year if sexually active, or more frequently depending on your risk factors. 

Can condoms prevent STIs? 

Condoms significantly reduce the risk of STIs, but they do not provide 100% protection, especially for infections spread through skin-to-skin contact like HPV. 

Is HPV preventable? 

Yes. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent high-risk HPV infections. 
 

Need a provider with whom you can discuss your sexual health? Request an appointment with a Beaufort Memorial women’s health provider.